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The Kimmel Cancer Center Flow Cytometryfacility provides state-of-the-art fluorescence activated cell sorting and analysis capabilities to investigators of the Kimmel Cancer Center and the Philadelphia region. The most commonly used applications are multi-color cell surface phenotyping, detection of intracellular cytokines and signaling molecules, transfection measurements, studies of apoptosis, cell cycle analysis, cell proliferation, and real time analysis of Ca2+ mobilization kinetics. The sorters, analyzers, and workstations allow for affordable, reliable, and accurate characterization of a wide variety of biological samples.
The services provided by the facility can be tailored to suit experimental designs in a variety of fields. We provide consultation on current protocols, analysis techniques, and data presentation. This resource plays a critical role in assisting KCC members performing various research projects directly related to the understanding of the biology and treatment of cancer. Furthermore the facility supports projects from investigators in Biochemistry, Genetics, Immunology, Medicine, Microbiology, Molecular Biology, Neurology, Pathology, Pharmacology, Surgery, and many other scientific fields.
Frequently Asked Questions:
Q. What is flow cytometry? A. Here is a great tutorial that will familiarize you with flow cytometry: Flow Cytometry Tutorial
Q. How should I design my flow cytometry experiment for success? A. First you'll need to decide which parameters you are interested in researching. Then you'll need to find that molecule attached to a fluorescent probe for that particular parameter. You can contact you local friendly KCC flow cytometry staff memer to assist you in experimental design. Otherwise, here is a website that will help you locate your specific molecule of interest. Once you have located your probe you'll need to know if the lasers in the cytometer can excite your probe and detect the emission. You can always find protocols in the Current Protocols in Cytometry book in the facility. There are more resources for protocols such as the International Society for Advancement of Cytometry, the Purdue Cytometry website, and the Cytometry journal.
Q. What are the facility rates, fees, and regulations? A.
Q. . Where can I make a reservation for flow cytometry services? A. Our scheduling system is on-line at this address: flow cytometry reservation system. If you are not currently registered you may also register at this address. The on-line reservation system is for the analyzers only. All cell sorting appointments must be made with a member of the KCC flow cytometry staff. It is also mandatory that you confirm all technical assistance and training with a member of the KCC flow cytometry staff.
Q. How do I access to the facility? A. The facility is located at 233 S. 10th St. Philadelphia, PA 19107 in the Bluemle Life Science Building Room 606. The analyzers in the facility are available 24hrs a day, 7 days a week. However, you must obtain a 5-digit security code to access the facility outside of normal work hours. You can sign up for a security pass code online at this lab code access site.
Q. Are there any biosafety concerns? A. Yes. There are many things to consider before bringing your samples to the facility. Please check our institutional biosafety committee policies before coming to the facility: Jefferson Biosafety. There are additional flow cytometry related biosafety guidelines to consider: Flow Cytometry Biosafety.
Q. What biosafety paperwork do I need to fill out before I can flow? A. You must fill out a flow cytometry biosafety form before your experiment and give a copy to the Kimmel Cancer Center flow cytometry staff.
Q. What fluorochromes can I use in the facility? A. . Here is a good document to help you pick your reagents: Selecting reagents for multi-color flow cytometry. Our instruments and compatible fluorochromes are listed below. If it's your first time picking reagents it's generally best to consult with the facility operator for designing a multicolor flow cytometry experiment. You can find a table listing fluorochrome excitations and emissions here: Fluorochrome table 1and Fluorochrome table 2.
Q. What instruments does the facility have? A.
Q. Can I test my fluorochrome compatibility before I run my experiment? A. Invitrogen and BD Biosciences provide spectra viewers that allow you to test your fluorochrome compatability. You can input the type of cytometer, number of colors, filters, and lasers. Here is a link to the BD Spectrum viewer and the Invitrogen spectraviewer.
Q. What do I need for cell sorting? A. Here are some good rules of thumb for cell sorting. You'll need to put your samples in sterile 5 ml tubes. You'll need a negative control. The negative control will be unstained cells not your experimental negative. You'll also need a positive control for each fluorochrome you are considering. These are called compensation controls. For example, if you want to set up an experiment and use 5 fluorochromes you'll need 6 controls to properly set up the cytometer (1 negative and 5 compensation controls). For information on compensation you can look here. If compensation doesn't make sense you can always stop by the facility and talk to the flow operator. When you think you have an understanding of compensation try this Quiz. Additionally your sample should be sterile and the cells should be resuspened in either PBS or media with no more than 2% serum. You'll also need a collection tube with a few milliliters of media. The collection tube can be: an eppendorf tube, a 5ml tube, a 15ml tube, or a 50ml tube. The cell sorter has an additional function that allows it to sort into 6, 24, 48, and 96 well plates as well as custom slides.
Q. How many cells will I get from cell sorting? A. You'll need to do a bit of math to get the answer. If you have 10 million cells and 50% are positive for your marker of interest then you'll receive 5 million sorted cells. The other 5 million cells are collected in the waste container. If you don't know how many cells you have and you don't know the percentage of cells you're interested in, then you don't know how many cells you'll get from sorting.
Q. How long will it take me to sort? A. The cell sorter sorts at two speeds. Larger cells pass through a 100µm nozzle on the cell sorter at a rate of ≈12500 events/sec. This equates to 45x106 events/hr. Smaller cells are run at a higher pressure and speed on a 70µm nozzle. The rate for smaller cells is ≈22,000 events/sec and equates to 80 x106 events/hr.
Q. How many populations can I sort? A. You can simultaneously sort up to 4 separate populations.
Q. How many parameters can I quantify? A. Currently the high-speed cell sorter can simultaneously measure 6 separate fluorochromes plus Forward and Side scatter. That makes 8 separate parameters you can measure. The analyzers can accommodate up to 12 fluorochromes and 14 parameters.
Q. What new technologies exist in flow cytometry? A. The MoFlo cell sorter allows for single cell sorting into 96 well plates for cloning purposes. Furthermore, the Kimmel Cancer Center Flow Cytometry facility is now certified with a >90% success rate of placing single cells onto the Advalytix AmpliGrid PCR slide. The AmpliGrid slides are used in subsequent PCR or RT-PCR reactions on the AmpliSpeed slide cycler. We recommend AmpliGrid for single cell molecular analysis because you can visually verify correct cell placement on the slide and the analysis is more sensitive in the 1 ul reaction volume.
Q. What recent publications have used the technology from this core facility? A.This is a non-exhaustive list of recent publications by major facility users. Jiao X, Katiyar S, Willmarth NE, Liu M, Ma X, Flomenberg N, Lisanti MP, Pestell RG. C-Jun induces mammary epithelial cellular invasion and breast cancer stem cell expansion. J Biol Chem. 2010 Jan 6 Liu M, Casimiro MC, Wang C, Shirley LA, Jiao X, Katiyar S, Ju X, Li Z, Yu Z, Zhou J, Johnson M, Fortina P, Hyslop T, Windle JJ, Pestell RG. p21CIP1 attenuates Ras- and c-Myc-dependent breast tumor epithelial mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell-like gene expression in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106(45):19035-9, 2009. Wu K, Katiyar S, Li A, Liu M, Ju X, Popov VM, Jiao X, Lisanti MP, Casola A, Pestell RG. Dachshund inhibits oncogene-induced breast cancer cellular migration and invasion through suppression of interleukin-8. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105(19):6924-9, 2008. Yu Z, Wang C, Wang M, Li Z, Casimiro MC, Liu M, Wu K, Whittle J, Ju X, Hyslop T, McCue P, Pestell RG. A cyclin D1/microRNA 17/20 regulatory feedback loop in control of breast cancer cell proliferation. J Cell Biol. 182(3):509-17, 2008. Wu K, Katiyar S, Li A, Liu M, Ju X, Popov VM, Jiao X, Lisanti MP, Casola A, Pestell RG. Dachshund inhibits oncogene-induced breast cancer cellular migration and invasion through suppression of interleukin-8. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105(19):6924-9, 2008. Jiao X, Katiyar S, Liu M, Mueller SC, Lisanti MP, Li A, Pestell TG, Wu K, Ju X, Li Z, Wagner EF, Takeya T, Wang C, Pestell RG. Disruption of c-Jun Reduces Cellular Migration and Invasion through Inhibition of c-Src and Hyperactivation of ROCK II Kinase. Mol Biol Cell. 19(4):1378-1390, 2008. Skorski T, Chronic myeloid leukemia cells refractory/resistant to tyrosine kinase inhibitors are genetically unstable and may cause relapse and malignant progression to the terminal disease state. Leuk Lymphoma 52 Suppl 1:(23-9)2011 Feb Slupianek A, Poplawski T, Jozwiakowski SK, Cramer K, Pytel D, Stoczynska E, Nowicki MO, Blasiak J, Skorski T, BCR/ABL stimulates WRN to promote survival and genomic instability. Cancer Res 71:3(842-51)2011 Feb 1 Cramer K, Nieborowska-Skorska M, Koptyra M, Slupianek A, Penserga ET, Eaves CJ, Aulitzky W, Skorski T, BCR/ABL and other kinases from chronic myeloproliferative disorders stimulate single-strand annealing, an unfaithful DNA double-strand break repair. Cancer Res 68:17(6884-8)2008 Sep 1 Stoklosa T, Poplawski T, Koptyra M, Nieborowska-Skorska M, Basak G, Slupianek A, Rayevskaya M, Seferynska I, Herrera L, Blasiak J, Skorski T, BCR/ABL inhibits mismatch repair to protect from apoptosis and induce point mutations. Cancer Res 68:8(2576-80)2008 Apr 15 Coffey F, Manser T. Expression of cellular FLIP by B cells is required for their participation in an immune response. J Immunol. 2010 May 1;184(9):4871-9. Epub 2010 Mar 24. Vuyyuru R, Mohan C, Manser T, Rahman ZS The lupus susceptibility locus Sle1 breaches peripheral B cell tolerance at the antibody-forming cell and germinal center checkpoints. J Immunol. 2009 Nov 1;183(9):5716-27. Epub 2009 Oct 14. Coffey F, Alabyev B, Manser T. Initial clonal expansion of germinal center B cells takes place at the perimeter of follicles. Immunity. 2009 Apr 17;30(4):599-609. Epub 2009 Mar 19. Liu X, Shen S, Manser T. Influence of B cell antigen receptor expression level on pathways of B cell tolerance induction. J Immunol. 2009 Jan 1;182(1):398-407. Zhang H, Rosenberg S, Coffey FJ, He YW, Manser T, Hardy RR, Zhang J. A role for cFLIP in B cell proliferation and stress MAPK regulation. J Immunol. 2009 Jan 1;182(1):207-15. Alabyev B, Vuyyuru R, Manser T. Influence of Fas on the regulation of the response of an anti-nuclear antigen B cell clonotype to foreign antigen. Int Immunol. 2008 Oct;20(10):1279-87. Epub 2008 Aug 8. Coffey F, Liu X, Manser T. Primary development and participation in a foreign antigen-driven immune response of a chromatin-reactive B cell clonotype are not influenced by TLR9 or other MyD88-dependent TLRs. J Immunol. 2007 Nov 15;179(10):6663-72 Ulland TK, Buchan BW, Ketterer MR, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Meyerholz DK, Apicella MA, Alnemri ES, Jones BD, Nauseef WM, Sutterwala FS. Cutting edge: mutation of Francisella tularensis mviN leads to increased macrophage absent in melanoma 2 inflammasome activation and a loss of virulence. J Immunol. 2010 Sep 1;185(5):2670-4. Epub 2010 Aug 2. Wu J, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Alnemri ES. Involvement of the AIM2, NLRC4, and NLRP3 inflammasomes in caspase-1 activation by Listeria monocytogenes. J Clin Immunol. 2010 Sep;30(5):693-702. Epub 2010 May 20. Alnemri ES. Sensing cytoplasmic danger signals by the inflammasome. J Clin Immunol. 2010 Jul;30(4):512-9. Epub 2010 Apr 17. Review. Fernandes-Alnemri T, Yu JW, Juliana C, Solorzano L, Kang S, Wu J, Datta P, McCormick M, Huang L, McDermott E, Eisenlohr L, Landel CP, Alnemri ES. The AIM2 inflammasome is critical for innate immunity to Francisella tularensis. Juliana C, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Wu J, Datta P, Solorzano L, Yu JW, Meng R, Quong AA, Latz E, Scott CP, Alnemri ES. Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Pavlides S, Howell A, Pestell RG, Tanowitz HB, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. Stromal-epithelial metabolic coupling in cancer: Integrating autophagy and metabolism in the tumor microenvironment. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2011 Feb 15. Jasmin JF, Rengo G, Lymperopoulos A, Gupta R, Eaton GJ, Quann K, Gonzales DM, Mercier I, Koch WJ, Lisanti MP. Caveolin-1 Deficiency Exacerbates Cardiac Dysfunction and Reduces Survival in Mice with Myocardial Infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011 Feb 4. Trimmer C, Sotgia F, Whitaker-Menezes D, Balliet RM, Eaton G, Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Pavlides S, Howell A, Iozzo RV, Pestell RG, Scherer PE, Capozza F, Lisanti MP. Caveolin-1 and mitochondrial SOD2 (MnSOD) function as tumor suppressors in the stromal microenvironment: a new genetically tractable model for human cancer associated fibroblasts. Cancer Biol Ther. 2011 Feb 15;11(4):383-94. Epub 2011 Feb 15. Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Whitaker-Menezes D, Pavlides S, Chiavarina B, Bonuccelli G, Casey T, Tsirigos A, Migneco G, Witkiewicz A, Balliet R, Mercier I, Wang C, Flomenberg N, Howell A, Lin Z, Caro J, Pestell RG, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP.The autophagic tumor stroma model of cancer or "battery-operated tumor growth": A simple solution to the autophagy paradox. Cell Cycle. 2010 Nov;9(21):4297-306. Epub 2010 Nov 30. Review. Chiavarina B, Whitaker-Menezes D, Migneco G, Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Pavlides S, Howell A, Tanowitz HB, Casimiro MC, Wang C, Pestell RG, Grieshaber P, Caro J, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. HIF1-alpha functions as a tumor promoter in cancer associated fibroblasts, and as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer cells: Autophagy drives compartment-specific oncogenesis. Cell Cycle. 2010 Sep;9(17):3534-51. Epub 2010 Sep 4. Pavlides S, Tsirigos A, Migneco G, Whitaker-Menezes D, Chiavarina B, Flomenberg N, Frank PG, Casimiro MC, Wang C, Pestell RG, Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Howell A, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. The autophagic tumor stroma model of cancer: Role of oxidative stress and ketone production in fueling tumor cell metabolism. Cell Cycle. 2010 Sep;9(17):3485-505 Lisanti MP, Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Chiavarina B, Pavlides S, Whitaker-Menezes D, Tsirigos A, Witkiewicz A, Lin Z, Balliet R, Howell A, Sotgia Understanding the "lethal" drivers of tumor-stroma co-evolution: emerging role(s) for hypoxia, oxidative stress and autophagy/mitophagy in the tumor micro-environment. Cancer Biol Ther. 2010 Sep;10(6):537-42. Epub 2010 Sep 19. Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Trimmer C, Lin Z, Whitaker-Menezes D, Chiavarina B, Zhou J, Wang C, Pavlides S, Martinez-Cantarin MP, Capozza F, Witkiewicz AK, Flomenberg N, Howell A, Pestell RG, Caro J, Lisanti MP, Sotgia F. Autophagy in cancer associated fibroblasts promotes tumor cell survival: Role of hypoxia, HIF1 induction and NFκB activation in the tumor stromal microenvironment. Cell Cycle. 2010 Sep;9(17):3515-33. Epub 2010 Sep 9. Bonuccelli G, Tsirigos A, Whitaker-Menezes D, Pavlides S, Pestell RG, Chiavarina B, Frank PG, Flomenberg N, Howell A, Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. Ketones and lactate "fuel" tumor growth and metastasis: Evidence that epithelial cancer cells use oxidative mitochondrial metabolism. Cell Cycle. 2010 Sep;9(17):3506-14. Epub 2010 Sep 21. Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Balliet RM, Rivadeneira DB, Chiavarina B, Pavlides S, Wang C, Whitaker-Menezes D, Daumer KM, Lin Z, Witkiewicz AK, Flomenberg N, Howell A, Pestell RG, Knudsen ES, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. Oxidative stress in cancer associated fibroblasts drives tumor-stroma co-evolution: A new paradigm for understanding tumor metabolism, the field effect and genomic instability in cancer cells. Cell Cycle. 2010 Aug 15;9(16):3256-76. Epub 2010 Aug 28. Huang L, Kuhls MC, Eisenlohr LC. Hydrophobicity as a driver of MHC class I antigen processing. EMBO J. 2011 Mar 4. Huang L, Marvin JM, Tatsis N, Eisenlohr LC. Selective role of ubiquitin in MHC class I antigen presentation. J Immunol. 2011 Feb 15;186(4):1904-8. Epub 2011 Jan 14. Testa JS, Apcher GS, Comber JD, Eisenlohr LC. Exosome-driven antigen transfer for MHC class II presentation facilitated by the receptor binding activity of influenza hemagglutinin. J Immunol. 2010 Dec 1;185(11):6608-16. Epub 2010 Nov 3. Snook AE, Huang L, Schulz S, Eisenlohr LC, Waldman SA. Cytokine adjuvanation of therapeutic anti-tumor immunity targeted to cancer mucosa antigens. Clin Transl Sci. 2008 Dec;1(3):263-4. Snook AE, Li P, Stafford BJ, Faul EJ, Huang L, Birbe RC, Bombonati A, Schulz S, Schnell MJ, Eisenlohr LC, Waldman SA. Lineage-specific T-cell responses to cancer mucosa antigen oppose systemic metastases without mucosal inflammatory disease. Cancer Res. 2009 Apr 15;69(8):3537-44. Epub 2009 Apr 7. Snook AE, Stafford BJ, Li P, Tan G, Huang L, Birbe R, Schulz S, Schnell MJ, Thakur M, Rothstein JL, Eisenlohr LC, Waldman SA. Guanylyl cyclase C-induced immunotherapeutic responses opposing tumor metastases without autoimmunity. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008 Jul 2;100(13):950-61. Epub 2008 Jun 24. Plesa G, Snook AE, Waldman SA, Eisenlohr LC. Derivation and fluidity of acutely induced dysfunctional CD8+ T cells. J Immunol. 2008 Apr 15;180(8):5300-8. Zhang H, Zhou X, McQuade T, Li J, Chan FK, Zhang J. Functional complementation between FADD and RIP1 in embryos and lymphocytes. Nature. 2011 Mar 17;471(7338):373-6. Epub 2011 Mar 2. Rosenberg S, Zhang H, Zhang J. FADD deficiency impairs early hematopoiesis in the bone marrow. J Immunol. 2011 Jan 1;186(1):203-13. Epub 2010 Nov 29. Zhang H, Hou YJ, Han SY, Zhang EC, Huebner K, Zhang J. Mammalian nitrilase 1 homologue Nit1 is a negative regulator in T cells.. Int Immunol. 2009 Jun;21(6):691-703. Epub 2009 Apr 24. Imtiyaz HZ, Zhou X, Zhang H, Chen D, Hu T, Zhang J. The death domain of FADD is essential for embryogenesis, lymphocyte development, and proliferation. J Biol Chem. 2009 Apr 10;284(15):9917-26. Epub 2009 Feb 9. Zhang H, Rosenberg S, Coffey FJ, He YW, Manser T, Hardy RR, Zhang J. A role for cFLIP in B cell proliferation and stress MAPK regulation. J Immunol. 2009 Jan 1;182(1):207-15. Thangavel C, Dean JL, Ertel A, Knudsen KE, Aldaz CM, Witkiewicz AK, Clarke R, Knudsen ES. Therapeutically activating RB: reestablishing cell cycle control in endocrine therapy resistant breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2011 Mar 4. Knudsen KE. A tale of three PKCs: epsilon emerges as a driver of pre-neoplastic phenotypes. Cell Cycle. 2011 Feb 1;10(3):379. Epub 2011 Feb 1 Comstock CE, Augello MA, Schiewer MJ, Karch J, Burd CJ, Ertel A, Knudsen ES, Jessen WJ, Aronow BJ, Knudsen KE. Cyclin D1 Is a Selective Modifier of Androgen-dependent Signaling and Androgen Receptor Function. J Biol Chem. 2011 Mar 11;286(10):8117-27. Epub 2011 Jan 5. Sharma A, Yeow WS, Ertel A, Coleman I, Clegg N, Thangavel C, Morrissey C, Zhang X, Comstock CE, Witkiewicz AK, Gomella L, Knudsen ES, Nelson PS, Knudsen KE. The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor controls androgen signaling and human prostate cancer progression. J Clin Invest. 2010 Dec 1;120(12):4478-92. Ertel A, Dean JL, Rui H, Liu C, Witkiewicz AK, Knudsen KE, Knudsen ES. RB-pathway disruption in breast cancer: differential association with disease subtypes, disease-specific prognosis and therapeutic response. Cell Cycle. 2010 Oct 15;9(20):4153-63. Epub 2010 Oct 27. Olshavsky NA, Comstock CE, Schiewer MJ, Augello MA, Hyslop T, Sette C, Zhang J, Parysek LM, Knudsen KE. Identification of ASF/SF2 as a critical, allele-specific effector of the cyclin D1b oncogene. Cancer Res. 2010 May 15;70(10):3975-84. Epub 2010 May 11. Wirblich C, Schnell MJ. Rabies virus (RV) glycoprotein expression levels are not critical for pathogenicity of RV. J Virol. 2011 Jan;85(2):697-704. Epub 2010 Nov 10. Wanjalla CN, Faul EJ, Gomme EA, Schnell MJ. Dendritic cells infected by recombinant rabies virus vaccine vector expressing HIV-1 Gag are immunogenic even in the presence of vector-specific immunity. Vaccine. 2010 Dec 10;29(1):130-40. Epub 2010 Aug 20. Faul EJ, Wanjalla CN, Suthar MS, Gale M, Wirblich C, Schnell MJ.Rabies virus infection induces type I interferon production in an IPS-1 dependent manner while dendritic cell activation relies on IFNAR signaling. PLoS Pathog. 2010 Jul 22;6(7):e1001016. Gomme EA, Faul EJ, Flomenberg P, McGettigan JP, Schnell MJ. Characterization of a single-cycle rabies virus-based vaccine vector. J Virol. 2010 Mar;84(6):2820-31. Epub 2010 Jan 6. Schnell MJ, McGettigan JP, Wirblich C, Papaneri A. The cell biology of rabies virus: using stealth to reach the brain. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010 Jan;8(1):51-61 Mareeva T, Wanjalla C, Schnell MJ, Sykulev Y. A novel composite immunotoxin that suppresses rabies virus production by the infected cells. J Immunol Methods. 2010 Feb 28;353(1-2):78-86. Epub 2009 Nov 22. Faul EJ, Aye PP, Papaneri AB, Pahar B, McGettigan JP, Schiro F, Chervoneva I, Montefiori DC, Lackner AA, Schnell MJ. Rabies virus-based vaccines elicit neutralizing antibodies, poly-functional CD8+ T cell, and protect rhesus macaques from AIDS-like disease after SIV(mac251) challenge. Vaccine. 2009 Dec 11;28(2):299-308. Epub 2009 Oct 29. Cenna J, Hunter M, Tan GS, Papaneri AB, Ribka EP, Schnell MJ, Marx PA, McGettigan JP. Replication-deficient rabies virus-based vaccines are safe and immunogenic in mice and nonhuman primates. J Infect Dis. 2009 Oct 15;200(8):1251-60. Preuss MA, Faber ML, Tan GS, Bette M, Dietzschold B, Weihe E, Schnell MJ. Intravenous inoculation of a bat-associated rabies virus causes lethal encephalopathy in mice through invasion of the brain via neurosecretory hypothalamic fibers. PLoS Pathog. 2009 Jun;5(6):e1000485. Epub 2009 Jun 19. Faul EJ, Wanjalla CN, McGettigan JP, Schnell MJ. Interferon-beta expressed by a rabies virus-based HIV-1 vaccine vector serves as a molecular adjuvant and decreases pathogenicity. Virology. 2008 Dec 20;382(2):226-38. Epub 2008 Oct 21
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